Amphibians of Manuel Antonio

Manuel Antonio National Park, located on the Central Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is a region of significant ecological importance, hosting a high diversity of amphibian species within its relatively small area. This biodiversity is largely attributed to the park’s unique combination of tropical lowland rainforest, coastal environments, and high humidity, which create ideal habitats for amphibians.

Amphibians, as ectothermic vertebrates with permeable skin, are highly sensitive to environmental changes and serve as important bioindicators of ecosystem health. In Manuel Antonio, researchers have documented over 20 species of amphibians, including representatives from the orders Anura (frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders), although caudates are less commonly observed in the region.

Among the most frequently encountered species is the Red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas), an iconic species known for its vivid coloration and nocturnal habits. Also common are members of the genus Craugastor, such as the Rainforest Rocket Frog (Craugastor fitzingeri), which are direct-developing frogs that bypass the tadpole stage—a trait advantageous in terrestrial habitats. The Marine Toad (Rhinella marina), one of the largest toad species in the Americas, is also present and plays a complex role in the ecosystem due to its adaptability and toxic secretions.

Of particular conservation interest are the Glass Frogs (family Centrolenidae), such as Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni, which exhibit semi-transparent skin and inhabit riparian zones. These species are highly dependent on undisturbed stream environments for reproduction, making them vulnerable to habitat alteration.

Manuel Antonio’s amphibian populations face a range of environmental threats, including habitat fragmentation, climate change, pollution, and the spread of chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), a pathogen linked to global amphibian declines. Conservation efforts in the park, including habitat preservation and environmental education, are crucial for sustaining amphibian diversity.

In summary, the amphibians of Manuel Antonio represent a vital component of the park’s ecological community. Continued research and monitoring are essential to understand their population dynamics and to implement effective conservation strategies in the face of mounting environmental pressures.